Positive electrode active material for non-aqueous secondary battery and method of manufacturing thereof

ABSTRACT

A positive electrode active material for non-aqueous secondary battery includes core particles containing a lithium transition metal composite oxide, and a covering layer covering, that covers a surface of the core particle. The covering layer contains niobium and carbonate ions, and the carbonate ions are present at a concentration of from 0.2 weight % to 0.4 weight %. The positive electrode active material for non-aqueous secondary battery exhibits infrared absorption peaks at a wavenumber range of from 1320 cm −1  to 1370 cm −1 , and at a wavenumber range of from 1640 cm −1  to 1710 cm −1 .

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No.2014-060286 filed on Mar. 24, 2014 and Japanese Patent Application No.2015-015790, filed on Jan. 29, 2015. The entire disclosures of JapanesePatent Application No. 2014-060286 and No. 2015-015790 are herebyincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present disclosure relates to a positive electrode active materialfor non-aqueous secondary battery and method of manufacturing the same.

2. Description of Related Art

The non-aqueous secondary batteries typified by lithium ion secondarybatteries employ materials which allow desorption/insertion of alkalimetal ions for positive electrode active materials, and single alkalimetals such as metallic lithium or materials which allowdesorption/insertion of alkali metal ions for negative electrode activematerials, and non-aqueous electrolytic solutions for alkali metal ionconductive materials. In such non-aqueous secondary batteries, alkalimetal ions are transferred between positive and negative electrodesthrough the alkali metal ion conductive materials to supply electricpower to an external load. In a lithium ion secondary battery, a lithiumtransition metal composite oxide such as lithium cobaltate is typicallyused as a positive electrode active material.

A lithium ion secondary battery is one type of non-aqueous electrolytesecondary batteries, in which a non-aqueous electrolyte solutionobtained by dissolving an electrolyte, which contains lithium ion, in anorganic solvent is used as a lithium ion conductive material. Asdescribed above, non-aqueous secondary batteries employ an organicsolvent and thus inherently dangerous because of the combustible andflammable nature or the like, requiring fire or explosion preventionmeasures.

Meanwhile, another type of lithium secondary battery is all-solidlithium secondary batteries which employ a lithium ion conductiveinorganic solid substance (solid electrolyte) for a lithium ionconductive material. The need of an organic solvent can be eliminated insuch all-solid secondary batteries such as all-solid lithium secondarybatteries, so that safety measures in the non-aqueous electrolytesecondary batteries can be dispensed with, allowing for much simplerconfigurations of the batteries.

However, the all-solid secondary batteries generally have outputcharacteristics lower than that of non-aqueous electrolyte secondarybatteries. One of the causes is thought that a high-resistance regioncreated in the interface between the solid electrolyte and electrodeactive material suppresses movement of the lithium ions. In order toimprove the interface between the positive electrode active material andother components, it is proposed to cover the surface of the positiveelectrode active material with a specific material. Examples of thecovering material include a niobium compound.

In JP 2011-070789A, proposed is a technology of adding niobium to alithium-containing transition metal composite oxide in which nickel andmanganese are essential components and which has a layered structure. Itis said in JP 2011-070789A, according to the technology, the interfacebetween the positive electrode and the non-aqueous electrolyte isimproved and charge transfer reaction is accelerated, and outputcharacteristics can be improved. As for more specific example of amethod to add niobium, a method of mixing a lithium-containingtransition metal composite oxide and niobium oxide at a predeterminedmixing ratio and sintering the mixture at a predetermined temperature isdisclosed.

In WO 2007/004590A, proposed is a technology of covering a surface of apositive electrode active material in an all-solid lithium secondarybattery which employs a sulfide-based solid electrolyte. It is said inWO 2007/004590A, according to the technology, generation of ahigh-resistance layer in an interface between the sulfide-based solidelectrolyte and the positive electrode active material can be suppressedand output characteristics of the all-solid lithium secondary batterycan be improved. As for an example of the lithium ion conductive oxide,LiNbO₃ is illustrated. As for an example of more specific coveringmethod, disclosed is a method in which an alkoxide solution whichcontains lithium and niobium is sprayed to particles of a positiveelectrode active material and then hydrolyzed by the moisture in theair. As for an example of the positive electrode active material, LiCoO₂and LiMn₂O₄ are illustrated.

In JP 2004-253305A, proposed is a technology of adding a niobiumcompound or the like to a surface of a lithium nickel composite oxide,and sintering. It is said in JP 2004-253305A, according to thetechnology, the niobium compound or the like can be present stably onthe surface of the lithium nickel composite oxide, so that the niobiumcompound or the like on the surface can be suppressed from dissolvinginto the electrolytic solution, which can suppress a rise of impedanceduring storage at a high temperature and a cycle operation at a hightemperature. More specifically, disclosed is a method in which a lithiumnickel composite oxide is dispersed in a commercial niobium oxide soldispersed in acetone and then the acetone is evaporated, and theremained mixture is heated at a temperature of 120° C. to solidify themixture. In JP 2004-253305A, the dispersion medium of the commercialniobium oxide is not described.

As for the material which contains niobium, a niobium oxide sol isknown. For example, JP H06-321543A describes that a niobium oxide solwhich contains oxalic acid and a niobium oxide has a fine particlediameter of 100 angstrom or less yet it is stable at a (HCOO)₂/Nb₂O₅molar ratio of 0.2 to 0.8. It is said in JP H06-321543A, such a niobiumoxide sol can be obtained by adding a predetermined amount of oxalicacid into an active niobium hydroxide slurry and conducting a thermalreaction under predetermined conditions.

In JP H08-143314A, described is a niobium oxide sol which is obtained byadding citric acid to an oxalic acid-stabilized niobium oxide sol can bepresent stably in the presence of other metallic elements such ascobalt.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A positive electrode active material for non-aqueous secondary battery,the positive electrode active material includes core particlescontaining a lithium transition metal composite oxide, and a coveringlayer, that covers a surface of the core particle. The covering layercontains niobium and carbonate ions and the carbonate ions are presentat a concentration of from 0.2 weight % to 0.4 weight %. The positiveelectrode active material exhibits infrared absorption peaks at awavenumber range of from 1320 cm⁻¹ to 1370 cm⁻¹ and at a wavenumberrange of from 1640 cm⁻¹ to 1710 cm⁻¹.

The positive electrode active material can allow an improvement in theoutput characteristics of a non-aqueous secondary battery.

A method of manufacturing a positive electrode active material includesproviding an oxalic acid-containing niobium oxide sol in which a molarratio of oxalic acid to niobium oxide (COOH)₂/Nb₂O₅ is in a range offrom 0.01 to 0.6; mixing core particles that contain a lithiumtransition metal composite oxide with the oxalic acid-containing niobiumoxide sol to obtain sol-containing particles in which the oxalicacid-containing niobium oxide sol is present surfaces of the coreparticles; and heat treating the sol-containing particles at atemperature range of from 250° C. to 500° C., to form a covering layerthat contains niobium and carbonate ions on surfaces of the coreparticles.

According to the method of manufacturing a positive electrode activematerial for non-aqueous secondary battery, it is possible tomanufacture the positive electrode active material in which surfaces ofthe lithium transition metal composite oxide particles can be coveredsufficient degree to reduce the interface resistance with the solidelectrolyte.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing infrared spectra of the positive electrodeactive materials for non-aqueous secondary battery according to Examples1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, respectively.

FIG. 2 is diagram showing discharge curves of all-solid secondarybatteries which use the positive electrode active materials fornon-aqueous secondary battery according to Examples 1 and ComparativeExamples 3, respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

With the technology described in JP 2011-70789A, sufficient covering ofthe surfaces of particles of lithium transition metal composite oxide(core particles) with a niobium compound is difficult to obtain. Forthis reason, interface resistance between the positive electrode activematerial and the solid electrolyte cannot be reduced sufficiently. Withthe technology described in WO 2007/004590A, the surfaces of the coreparticles can be covered with a niobium compound, but the technologyrequires a complicated method and involves the use of an organicsolvent, which may result in remaining organic matter. With thetechnology described in JP 2004-253305A, the state of covering of thesurfaces of the core particles is unknown to begin with. As describedabove, a technology which allows sufficient covering of the surfaces ofthe core particles and a sufficient reduction of interface resistancehas not been previously presented.

Under these circumstances, the present invention has been made. Anobject of an embodiment is to provide a method of manufacturing apositive electrode active material for non-aqueous secondary battery,with the positive electrode active material, the surfaces of the lithiumtransition metal composite oxide particles can be covered sufficientdegree to reduce the interface resistance with the solid electrolyte.Another object of an embodiment is to provide a positive electrodeactive material which allows an improvement in the outputcharacteristics of a non-aqueous secondary battery.

The present inventors have intensively studied so as to improve theabove-mentioned characteristics, and thus the present invention has beencompleted. The present inventor has found that a positive electrodeactive material for non-aqueous secondary battery formed by coveringparticles of a lithium transition metal composite oxide with a niobiumoxide sol which contains a predetermined amount of oxalic acid cansufficiently reduce the interface resistance with a solid electrolyte.Further, the positive electrode active material for non-aqueoussecondary battery thus obtained has a peak at a specific wavenumberrange in an infrared absorption spectrum and also has a carbonate ionconcentration in a specific range. The present disclosure includesembodiments as described below.

A positive electrode active material for non-aqueous secondary batteryaccording to an embodiment includes core particles, each particleincludes a core particle which contains a lithium transition metalcomposite oxide and a covering layer which covers a surface of the coreparticle. The covering layer contains niobium and carbonate ions and thecarbonate ions are present at a concentration of from 0.2 weight % to0.4 weight %, and exhibits infrared absorption peaks at a wavenumberrange of from 1320 cm⁻¹ to 1370 cm⁻¹, and at a wavenumber range of from1640 cm⁻¹ to 1710 cm⁻¹.

A method of manufacturing a positive electrode active material accordingto an embodiment includes providing an oxalic acid-containing niobiumoxide sol in which a molar ratio of oxalic acid to niobium oxide(COOH)₂/Nb₂O₅ is in a range of from 0.01 to 0.6; mixing core particlesthat contain a lithium transition metal composite oxide with the oxalicacid-containing niobium oxide sol to obtain sol-containing particles inwhich the oxalic acid-containing niobium oxide sol is present onsurfaces of the core particles; and heat treating at temperature in therange of from 250° C. to 500° C., to form a covering layer that containsniobium and carbonate ions on a surface of the core particle.

Since the positive electrode active material for non-aqueous secondarybattery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure hasaforementioned features, the interface resistance with a non-aqueouselectrolyte (particularly a solid electrolyte) can be reducedsignificantly. Thus, a non-aqueous secondary battery which employs thepositive electrode active material for non-aqueous secondary battery(particularly all-solid secondary battery) according to the embodimentscan achieve large improvements in output performance.

Since the method of manufacturing a positive electrode active materialfor non-aqueous secondary battery according to the embodiments hasaforementioned features, the positive electrode active material fornon-aqueous secondary battery has a carbonate ion concentration in aspecific range and peaks at a specific wavenumber range in infraredabsorption spectrum.

The positive electrode active material of the present disclosure will bedescribed in more detail below by way of the embodiments and Examples.However, the present invention is not just limited only to theseillustrative and exemplary. In the specification, the term “step” refersnot only an independent step but also a step which is indistinguishablefrom other step but which can achieve an intended purpose. Further, the“content of each component in the composition” indicates that in thecase where a plural number of substances corresponding to each componentare present in the composition, refers to a total amount of the pluralnumber of substance in the composition.

The positive electrode active material for non-aqueous secondary batteryaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure includes a core particlethat contains lithium transition metal composite oxide and a coveringlayer which covers at least a portion of the core particle and containsniobium and carbonate ions. Further details will be described belowmainly on the covering layer.

Core Particle

For the core particles, a known lithium transition metal composite oxidemay be used. Examples of the lithium transition metal composite oxideinclude a lithium cobalt composite oxide, a lithium nickel compositeoxide, a lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide, a lithiummanganese composite oxide with a spinel structure, and a lithium ironphosphate with an olivine structure.

The lithium transition metal composite oxide which has a layer-structuresuch as a lithium cobalt composite oxide is preferable in terms ofobtaining a non-aqueous secondary battery which has a good balancebetween charge-discharge capacity and energy density, or the like.Particularly, a lithium transition metal composite oxide which containsnickel, cobalt, and manganese as transition metals with a materialamount ratio (in terms of mole) of approximately 1:1:1 is preferable.Further, a lithium transition metal composite oxide represented by thefollowing formula is particularly preferable.Li_(a)Ni_(1-x-y)Co_(x)Mn_(y)O₂In the formula, a, x, and y respectively satisfy 0.95≦a≦1.2,0.30≦x≦0.40, 0.30≦y≦0.40, 0.60≦x+y≦0.70.

The particle diameter of the core particle is not specifically limitedand appropriately selected according to the purpose, or the like. Theparticle diameter of the core particles may be in a range of from 3 μmto 20 μm in terms of volume average particle diameter.

Covering Layer

The covering layer contains niobium and carbonate ions and further haspeaks (the maximum value of absorption intensity) in a wavenumber rangeof from 1320 cm⁻¹ to 1370 cm⁻¹, and at a wavenumber range of from 1640cm⁻¹ to 1710 cm⁻¹ in an infrared absorption spectrum. Those peaks arethought to be originated from compounds derived from oxalic acid. Thedetail of the forms of the compounds derived from oxalic acid areunknown but are assumed to present mainly as lithium oxalate. It isthought that the presence of the compounds derived from oxalic acidcauses an electrostatic interaction between the core particle and thenon-aqueous electrolyte (particularly the solid electrolyte), resultingin a significant reduction in the interface resistance. Niobium isassumed to be present in a form of niobium oxide, a composite oxide ofniobium and elements which constitute the core particle, or a mixture ofthose. The covering layer that has aforementioned features can be formedefficiently by using a method of manufacturing a positive electrodeactive material to be described below, for example.

Due to its inclusion of niobium, the covering layer tends to beelectrochemically active, that may result in physical or chemicaldegradation depending on the circumference around the covering layer.Such degradation of the covering layer can be prevented by inclusion ofa certain amount of carbonate ions in the covering layer. However, withan excessive content of carbonate ions, the interface resistance betweenthe positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte tendsto increase. For this reason, the carbonate ion concentration in thecovering layer may be in a range of from 0.2 weight % to 0.4 weight %,preferably in a range of from 0.2 weight % to 0.3 weight % in thepositive electrode active material. It is thought that the carbonateions are supplied from carbon dioxide which is adsorbed to the coreparticle or by decomposition of oxalic acid group in the formation ofthe covering layer. The concentration of the carbonate ions in thecovering layer can be adjusted in a desired range by adjusting thecomposition, particle size, synthesis conditions of the core particle,various conditions in covering, thermal treating, etc., which are to bedescribed below.

As used herein, the term “a carbonate ion concentration in coveringlayer” refers to a content amount of carbonate ions in the coveringlayer which is calculated as the content rate of the carbonate ions inthe positive electrode active material, and which means a content ratioof the carbonate ions in the positive electrode active material.

The carbonate ion concentration in the covering layer can be measured byimmersing the positive electrode active material in pure water andquantitatively determining the eluded carbonate ions.

With the content of niobium in the covering layer being a predeterminedamount or above, the interface resistance between the positive electrodeactive material and the solid electrolyte can be sufficiently reduced.Meanwhile, niobium in the covering layer does not involve charge anddischarge capacity, so that with the content of niobium at apredetermined amount or less, charge-discharge capacity per unit weighttends to increase. Based on the above, a preferable content of niobiumin the covering layer is in a range of from 0.05 mol % to 5.0 mol % withrespect to the lithium transition metal composite oxide. A morepreferable content of niobium in the covering layer is in a range offrom 0.5 mol % to 3.0 mol % with respect to the lithium transition metalcomposite oxide. The content of niobium in the covering layer can bemeasured by subjecting the positive electrode active material toinductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry.

The covering layer is formed on the surface of the core particle. Thethickness of the covering layer is not specifically limited andappropriately selected according to the purpose, or the like. Forexample, the thickness of the covering layer can be selected so as toachieve a desired amount of carbonate ion concentration and niobiumcontent.

The covering layer may be formed in a form of clearly distinguished fromthe core particle, or in a form in which the core particle and thecovering layer do not constitute a clear layer structure but in a formin which the core particle and the covering layer do not form a clearlayer structure and the content change in a continuous manner.

A method of manufacturing a positive electrode active material includes,providing a oxalic acid-containing niobium oxide sol in which a molarcontent ratio of oxalic acid to niobium oxide (COOH)₂/Nb₂O₅ is in arange of from 0.01 to 0.6 (hereinafter may be referred to as “solpreparing step”), mixing core particles that contain a lithiumtransition metal composite oxide with the oxalic acid-containing niobiumoxide sol to obtain sol-containing particles in which the oxalicacid-containing niobium oxide sol is present on surfaces of the coreparticles (hereinafter may be referred to a “covering step”), and heattreating the sol-containing particles at a temperature in the range offrom 250° C. to 500° C., to form a covering layer that contains niobiumand carbonate ions on surfaces of the core particles (hereinafter may bereferred to a “heat treating step”). In the description below, theaforementioned operations will be mainly illustrated.

Sol Preparing Step

In sol preparing step, an oxalic acid-containing niobium oxide sol isprovided so that the material amount ratio of oxalic acid to niobiumoxide (COOH)₂/Nb₂O₅ is in a range of from 0.01 to 0.6 in terms of mole.The oxalic acid-containing niobium oxide sol can be prepared asdescribed below.

A niobium oxide sol dispersed in an aqueous medium is mixed with anoxalic acid aqueous solution to obtain an oxalic acid-containing niobiumoxide sol. With a large material amount ratio of oxalic acid to niobiumoxide (COOH)₂/Nb₂O₅, the interface resistance between the positiveelectrode active material and the solid electrolyte can be furtherreduced. Meanwhile, with a small material amount ratio, the carbonateion content in the covering layer tends to be easily adjusted. Inconsideration of aforementioned, the material amount ratio of oxalicacid with respect to niobium oxide is preferably in a range of from 0.01to 0.6 and more preferably in a range of from 0.01 to 0.5.

Covering Step

In covering step, the core particles are mixed with the oxalicacid-containing niobium oxide sol obtained in the sol preparing step toobtain sol-containing particles in which the oxalic acid-containingniobium sol is present on surfaces of the core particles. The mixing ispreferably performed by fluidizing the core particles with a stirringdevice, then spraying or dropping the oxalic acid-containing niobiumoxide sol thereto. The adding speed, adding amount, or the like of theoxalic acid-containing niobium oxide sol is adjusted so as not to losethe fluidity of the core particles during the mixing. With the massratio of the oxalic acid-containing niobium oxide sol to the coreparticles is small, the fluidity of the core particles can be maintainedfavorably during the mixing. On the other hand, with a large mass ratio,the interface resistance between the obtained positive electrode activematerial and the solid electrolyte can be sufficiently reduced. Inconsideration of aforementioned, the mass ratio of the oxalicacid-containing niobium oxide sol with respect to the core particles ispreferably in a range of from 0.05 to 0.5 and more preferably in a rangeof from 0.1 to 0.5. The concentration of niobium in the oxalicacid-containing niobium oxide sol can be adjusted appropriately inconsideration of those.

Heat Treating Step

In heat treating step, the sol-containing particles thus obtained aresubjected to a heat treatment to form a covering layer on the surfacesof the core particles. The cover layer is preferably formed on theentire surfaces of the core particles. It is considered that in the heattreating step, a portion of oxalic acid in the oxalic acid-containingniobium oxide sol may be decomposed into carbonate ions, but a largeamount of oxalic acid reacts with lithium in the core particles and ischanged into lithium oxalate. Meanwhile, it is assumed that niobium ischanged into niobium oxide, a composite oxide of niobium and elementswhich constitute the core particle, or a mixture of those. With a highheat treating temperature, a larger amount of oxalic acid can bedecomposed into carbonate ions. On the other hand, with a low heattreating temperature, a certain amount of oxalic acid can be remained.In consideration of those, the heat treating temperature may be in arange of from 250° C. to 500° C. A preferable heat treating temperaturemay be in a range of from 300° C. to 450° C.

The atmosphere in the heat treating step is not specifically limited andthe heat treating can be carried out under an air atmosphere or an inertgas atmosphere. The heat treatment time is, for example in a range offrom 3 hours to 15 hours and preferably in a range of from 3 hours to 10hours.

EXAMPLES

Now, more specific descriptions will be given in accordance to Examplesbelow.

Example 1

A commercial niobium oxide sol dispersed in an aqueous medium was mixedwith oxalic acid aqueous solution at a material amount ratio(COOH)₂/Nb₂O₅ of 0.2 in terms of mole to obtain an oxalicacid-containing niobium oxide sol with a niobium concentration of 0.47mol/L and a density of 1.05 g/cm³.

A lithium transition metal composite oxide which has a layer-structureas a core particle and represented by a composition formula:Li_(1.15)Ni_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O₂ was provided. While stirring 1000 gof the core particles with an impeller-type stirring device, 392 g of anoxalic acid-containing niobium sol was added in drop for 20 minutes toobtain sol-containing particles.

The obtained sol-containing particles were subjected to heat treating ata temperature of 400° C. for 5 hours to obtain the objective positiveelectrode active material.

Example 2

A commercial niobium oxide sol dispersed in an aqueous medium was mixedwith oxalic acid aqueous solution at a material amount ratio(COOH)₂/Nb₂O₅ of 0.5 in terms of mole to obtain an oxalicacid-containing niobium oxide sol with a niobium concentration of 0.94mol/L and a density of 1.03 g/cm³.

The core particles similar to that in Example 1 were prepared. Whilestirring 1000 g of the core particles with an impeller-type stirringdevice, 490 g of an oxalic acid-containing niobium sol was added in dropfor 20 minutes to obtain sol-containing particles.

The obtained sol-containing particles were subjected to heat treating ata temperature of 400° C. for 5 hours to obtain the objective positiveelectrode active material.

Example 3

A commercial niobium oxide sol dispersed in an aqueous medium was mixedwith oxalic acid aqueous solution at a material amount ratio(COOH)₂/Nb₂O₅ of 0.5 in terms of mole to obtain an oxalicacid-containing niobium oxide sol with a niobium concentration of 0.84mol/L and a density of 1.05 g/cm³.

The core particles similar to that in Example 1 were prepared. Whilestirring 1000 g of the core particles with an impeller-type stirringdevice, 700 g of an oxalic acid-containing niobium sol was added in dropfor 20 minutes to obtain sol-containing particles.

The obtained sol-containing particles were subjected to heat treating ata temperature of 400° C. for 5 hours to obtain the objective positiveelectrode active material.

Comparative Example 1

The commercial niobium oxide sol in Example 1 was provided. The niobiumconcentration was 0.47 mol/L and the density was 1.05 g/cm³ in theniobium oxide sol. The core particles similar to that in Example 1 werealso prepared. While stirring 1000 g of the core particles with animpeller-type stirring device, 390 g of the commercial niobium sol wasadded in drop for 20 minutes to obtain sol-containing particles.

The obtained sol-containing particles were subjected to heat treating ata temperature of 400° C. for 5 hours to obtain the objective positiveelectrode active material.

Comparative Example 2

A commercial niobium oxide sol dispersed in an aqueous medium was mixedwith oxalic acid aqueous solution at a material amount ratio(COOH)₂/Nb₂O₅ of 1.0 in terms of mole to obtain an oxalicacid-containing niobium oxide sol with a niobium concentration of 0.46mol/L and a density of 1.05 g/cm³.

The core particles similar to that in Example 1 were prepared. Whilestirring 1000 g of the core particles with an impeller-type stirringdevice, 399 g of an oxalic acid-containing niobium sol was added in dropfor 20 minutes to obtain sol-containing particles.

The obtained sol-containing particles were subjected to heat treating ata temperature of 400° C. for 5 hours to obtain the objective positiveelectrode active material.

Comparative Example 3

A positive electrode active material was obtained in a similar manner asin Example 1 except that the heat treatment temperature was 600° C.

Evaluation of Positive Electrode Active Material

In the Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1 and 2, thecharacteristics of the positive electrode active material were measuredin the manner described below.

Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis

On the positive electrode active material particles, an infraredspectroscopic analysis by a diffused reflection method was conducted.

Measuring Carbonate Ion Concentration

A positive electrode active material 10 g was dispersed in pure water 50mL for 1 hour at room temperature (25° C.), and the positive electrodeactive material and the solution were separated. The amount of carbonateions were determined by titrating the solution in accordance to Warder'smethod. For the indicators, a phenolphthalein solution was used for thefirst stage and a bromophenol blue solution was used for the secondstage.

Measuring Niobium Content

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis was conducted on the positiveelectrode active material to determine the content of niobium withrespect to the lithium transition metal composite oxide.

Evaluation of Battery

With the use of the positive electrode active materials obtained byExamples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 respectively, secondarybatteries were fabricated as described below and the batteries wereevaluated.

Preparing Solid Electrolyte

Under an argon atmosphere, lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfidewere weighed at a material amount ratio of 7:3 and mixed in an agatemortar. Obtained mixture was further pulverized and mixed in a ball millto obtain a sulfide glass. The obtained sulfide glass was used as asolid electrolyte.

Preparing Positive Electrode Mixture

A positive electrode mixture was obtained by mixing 60 parts by mass ofthe positive electrode active material, 36 parts by weight of a solidelectrolyte, and 4 parts by weight of a VGCF (vapor grown carbon fiber).

Preparing Negative Electrode For the negative electrode, an indium foilof 0.05 mm in thickness was hollowed out in a circular shape with adiameter of 11.00 mm.

Preparing Battery

A cylindrical lower mold having an outer diameter of 11.00 mm wasinserted in a cylindrical outer mold having an inner diameter of 11.00mm from the lower end of the outer mold. The upper end of the lower moldwas fixed at an intermediate position of the outer mold. In this state,80 mg of solid electrolyte was placed in the outer mold from the upperside of the outer mold onto the top end of the lower mold. Then, acylindrical lower mold having an outer diameter of 11.00 mm was insertedin a cylindrical outer mold from the lower end of the outer mold. Afterthe insertion, a pressure of 90 MPa was applied from above the uppermold to mold a solid electrolyte into a solid electrolyte layer. Afterthe molding, the upper mold was taken out from above the outer mold and20 mg of a positive electrode mixture was placed in the upper portion ofthe solid electrolyte layer from above the outer mold. After theplacement, the upper mold was inserted again, and a pressure of 360 MPawas applied to mold the positive electrode mixture into a positiveelectrode layer. After the molding, the upper mold was fixed and thefixation of the lower mold was released to pull the lower mold out fromthe lower part of the outer mold. Then, the negative electrode wasplaced under the solid electrolyte layer from the lower part of theouter mold. After the placement, the lower mold was inserted again, anda pressure of 150 MPa was applied from below the lower mold to mold thenegative electrode into a negative electrode layer. While applying thepressure, the lower mold was fixed, and a positive terminal was attachedto the upper mold and a negative terminal was attached to the lowermold, thus, an all-solid secondary battery was obtained.

Discharge Characteristics

Constant current and constant voltage charging was performed at acurrent density of 0.195 μA/cm² and a charge voltage of 4.0 V. Aftercharging, constant current discharging was performed at a currentdensity of 0.195 μA/cm² and a charge voltage of 1.9 V, and the dischargecapacity Qd was measured. In an all-solid secondary battery whichemploys a solid electrolyte which has a lower lithium ion conductivitycompared to that of an non-aqueous electrolyte, the interface resistancebetween the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyteaffects the discharge capacity of the all-solid secondary batteries. Forthis reason, degree of lowness of the interface resistance wasdetermined by the level of the Qd.

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing infrared spectra of the positive electrodeactive materials obtained in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1to 3, respectively. With regard to Examples 1 to 3 and ComparativeExamples 1 to 3, manufacturing conditions of the respective positiveelectrode active material are shown in Table 1, and characteristics anddischarge characteristics of the positive electrode active materials areshown in Table 2. Further, FIG. 2 is a diagram showing discharge curvesof all-solid secondary batteries which use the positive electrode activematerials obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 3,respectively.

TABLE 1 Covering Heat Treating Sol Preparing Step Step Step (COOH)₂/ NbConcentration Sol/Core Heat Treating Nb₂O₅ in Sol Particle* TemperatureExample 1 0.2 0.47 mol/L 0.392 400° C. Example 2 0.5 0.94 mol/L 0.490Example 3 0.2 0.84 mol/L 0.700 Comparative 0 0.47 mol/L 0.390 400° C.Example 1 Comparative 1.0 0.46 mol/L 0.399 Example 2 Comparative 0.20.47 mol/L 0.392 600° C. Example 3 *mass ratio

TABLE 2 CO₃ ²⁻/ Nb*/ Qd/ wt. % mol % mAhg⁻¹ Example 1 0.28 1.7 129Example 2 0.37 4.4 136 Example 3 0.20 6.3 126 Comparative 0.08 1.7 117Example 1 Comparative 0.46 1.7 115 Example 2 Comparative 0.15 1.7 136Example 3 *With respect to lithium transition metal composite oxide

From FIGS. 1 and 2, it can be seen that the positive electrode activematerials of Examples 1 to 3, which are obtained by using oxalicacid-containing niobium sol with appropriately adjusted (COOH)₂/Nb₂O₅and are subjected to a heat treating at an appropriate heat-treatingtemperature respectively have predetermined carbonate ion concentrationsand predetermined peaks in respective infrared absorption spectrum(parts surrounded by broken line in FIG. 1). As a result, the all-solidsecondary batteries which use the positive electrode active material ofExamples 1 to 3 respectively have higher discharge capacity Qd comparedto that of the all-solid secondary batteries which use the positiveelectrode active materials of Comparative examples 1 and 2.

From FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the positive electrode active material ofComparative Example 1 in which the ratio (COOH)₂/Nb₂O₅ is too small, andthe positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 3 whichwas subjected to an excessively high heat treatment temperature may failto have a predetermined carbonate ion concentration nor shows apredetermined infrared-spectroscopic spectrum. For this reason, theall-solid secondary batteries which use the positive electrode activematerials of Comparative Examples 1 and 3 respectively exhibit loweraverage voltage. Those results are assumed to be a result of destructionof the covering layer due to charging and discharging of the batteries.It is disadvantageous that with a low average voltage duringdischarging, the energy density of the all-solid secondary batterydecreases.

With the use of a positive electrode active material according to theembodiments of the present disclosure, an all-solid secondary batteryexcellent in output characteristics can be obtained. Accordingly, theall-solid secondary battery can be suitably used as a power source ofmachinery which require large output and high level of safety.

As described above, it should be obvious that various other embodimentsare possible without departing the spirit and scope of the presentinvention. Accordingly, the scope and spirit of the present inventionshould be limited only by the following claims.

All publications, patent applications, and technical standards mentionedin this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the sameextent as if each individual publication, patent application, ortechnical standard was specifically and individually indicated to beincorporated by reference.

What is claimed is:
 1. A positive electrode active material fornon-aqueous secondary battery, the positive electrode active materialcomprising: core particles containing a lithium transition metalcomposite oxide, and a covering layer, that covers a surface of the coreparticle, wherein the covering layer comprises niobium and carbonate ionand the carbonate ions are present at a concentration of from 0.2 weight% to 0.4 weight %; and exhibits infrared absorption peaks at awavenumber range of from 1320 cm-1 to 1370 cm⁻¹, and at a wavenumberrange of from 1640 cm-1 to 1710 cm⁻¹, wherein the lithium transitionmetal complex oxide is represented by the following formula:Li_(a)Ni_(1-x-y)Co_(x)Mn_(y)O₂ and a, x, and y, respectively, satisfy0.95≦a≦1.2, 0.30≦x≦0.40, 0.30≦y≦0.40, 0.60≦x+y≦0.70.
 2. The positiveelectrode active material according to claim 1, wherein the niobium inthe covering layer is present at a concentration of from 0.05 mol % to5.0 mol % with respect to the lithium transition metal composite oxide.3. The positive electrode active material according to claim 2, whereinthe carbonate ion concentration in the covering layer is in a range offrom 0.2 weight % to 0.3 weight %.
 4. The positive electrode activematerial according to claim 3, wherein the particle diameter of the coreparticles may be in a range of from 3 μm to 20 μm in terms of volumeaverage particle diameter.
 5. The positive electrode active materialaccording to claim 2, wherein the particle diameter of the coreparticles may be in a range of from 3 μm to 20 μm in terms of volumeaverage particle diameter.
 6. The positive electrode active materialaccording to claim 1, wherein the carbonate ion concentration in thecovering layer is in a range of from 0.2 weight % to 0.3 weight %. 7.The positive electrode active material according to claim 6, wherein thecontent of niobium in the covering layer is in a range of from 0.5 mol %to 3.0 mol % with respect to the lithium transition metal compositeoxide.
 8. The positive electrode active material according to claim 7,wherein the particle diameter of the core particles may be in a range offrom 3 μm to 20 μm in terms of volume average particle diameter.
 9. Thepositive electrode active material according to claim 6, wherein theparticle diameter of the core particles may be in a range of from 3 μmto 20 μm in terms of volume average particle diameter.
 10. The positiveelectrode active material according to claim 1, wherein the content ofniobium in the covering layer is in a range of from 0.5 mol % to 3.0 mol% with respect to the lithium transition metal composite oxide.
 11. Thepositive electrode active material according to claim 10, wherein theparticle diameter of the core particles may be in a range of from 3 μmto 20 μm in terms of volume average particle diameter.
 12. The positiveelectrode active material according to claim 1, wherein the particlediameter of the core particles may be in a range of from 3 μm to 20 μmin terms of volume average particle diameter.